Blackbird Factfile
Latin name
Distribution
Throughout the UK
Habitat
Very varied and can be found almost anywhere there is cover, and especially in woodland, hedgerows and gardens, which includes urban areas.
UK Population
5,100,000 breeding pairs, plus a varying but always large number of wintering birds which migrate here from Northern Europe and notably Scandinavia.
Blackbird identification
The Blackbird is one of the easiest garden birds to identify. The adult male Blackbird is black, and has a bright yellow bill (though this colour is not evident in younger birds). The female Blackbird is dark brown, with pale brown streaks and mottling on its breast.
Adult male Blackbirds have a distinct and bright yellow eye ring. This is much less bright in females – which also applies to the female’s bill. Both sexes of Blackbird are about the same size, with a wingspan of between 34cm and 38.5cm.
A slightly confusing aspect to the identification of male Blackbirds, is that they are not born with their yellow eye ring. This usually becomes visible late in the winter or early spring the year after they are born. Additionally, their black plumage also takes time to develop. Indeed, when male Blackbirds fledge — and for some time after — they look much like females.
Given this, a male Blackbird coming into its first winter will likely have developed back plumage but won’t yet have a yellow bill or yellow eye ring. A further factor in the timing of the change in plumage colour will be how early in the season the bird was born. This means there is a considerable time difference between an early brood in March or April, compared to a late and possible forth brood in August.
Male Blackbirds also have the streaks and mottling on their breast plumage, but this is much less obvious compared to the female bird. Indeed, it’s often only in direct and bright sunlight that it can be seen.
Related birds
The Blackbird is a member of the thrush family. Despite this, there are no other garden birds it can be confused with. Away from gardens and in upland areas or elsewhere during migration, the now very rare Ring Ouzel could be confused for a Blackbird. However, the white crescent shaped band on the breast of the male Ring Ouzel is diagnostic.
What sound does a Blackbird make?
Blackbirds have an especially appealing and melodic bird song, with the male bird delivering this from an exposed perch from late winter onwards when the breeding season starts. The male Blackbird song is to initially attract a mate and to proclaim a territory, then just the latter once a mate is attracted. Blackbirds are one of the first birds in the morning to start the dawn chorus and usually the last birds singing in the evening.
Blackbirds – both male and female – also have loud alarm calls, with these given when they see or sense danger such as a cat walking through a garden. These alarm calls can be roughly categorised into three sounds. A Blackbird’s alarm call will also get a reaction from other garden bird species, which normally will also take cover when they hear it.
A question often asked is whether female Blackbirds also sing. The answer is that they do but infrequently and not in the same way as the male Blackbird, with the female Blackbird having a relatively quiet sub-song which is typically given in response to the loud and melodious song of the male Blackbird during courtship.
Video footage of Blackbirds
Blackbird nesting and breeding habits
Blackbirds, which are members of the thrush family, are very territorial in nature. If other blackbirds encroach on their breeding territory they are quick in trying to remove them from their patch.
Blackbirds make their substantial nest from mixed plant materials combined with some mud for reinforcement, with only the female Blackbird doing the building. The location of the Blackbird nest is usually in fairly thick vegetation such as a hedgerow, though they will sometimes use an open-fronted next box provided it is well concealed (perhaps in a wall climbing plant). Blackbird breeding starts in March, with between two and three clutches being usual, though sometimes a fourth brood is attempted with the chicks still in the nest well into August. Weather is the major factor which determines the number of broods and their success, with cold, dry springs often delaying or hindering the first brood, and hot dry summers preventing a third or forth brood. In both cases, the lack of earthworms close to the surface of the ground is the main problem.
The female Blackbird incubates the eggs alone for about 14 days before they hatch – there are normally 3-5 eggs – and also broods the young chicks alone. However, the male Blackbird takes its full share in feeding of the young – both in the nest and once they leave it.
When the young Blackbirds first leave the nest at about thirteen to fourteen days old, they are unable to fly and instead flutter around in nearby undergrowth for safety and waiting to be fed by the parent birds. This is a critical time for the birds and a good percentage don’t survive, but actually the evolved adaptation of leaving the nest early is a good overall defense against predators, as it means the young aren’t all in one exact location. A week after leaving the nest, the young fledge and are therefore able to fly – albeit initially not terribly well.
Once the young Blackbirds have fledged, the female stops feeding them and only the male continues for a further two weeks or so, as the young progressively become more independent. The reason the female stops is so she can start the next clutch of eggs.
Blackbird history and population trends
Having declined substantially in the UK during the 1970s and through to the mid-1990s, the Blackbird has since bounced back and continues to do well. Indeed, its status has moved from amber to green. It’s highly likely that the increasing popularity of people putting out high quality bird food such as sunflower hearts in their gardens, is one of the reasons the Blackbird population has improved in recent decades.
Behaviour traits of Blackbirds
Blackbirds are largely solitary in their behaviour, with interaction with others of the same species being limited – except of course for breeding and when the young are born. Outside the breeding season there is a greater tolerance, and during the winter months loose groups of up to twenty birds can be seen together and including roosting at night. However, close proximity to each other is avoided, with a sense of an uneasy alliance formed and for the sake of safety in numbers only.
Interestingly, adult male Blackbirds tolerate their young in their territory for a few weeks after the young have become independent, which is normally three weeks after they leave the nest. The young anyway then disperse away from the breeding area on their own accord.
The male Blackbird establishes a territory in its first winter, and although it will stray from this to feed – and often very long distances in search of food in the winter months – it will always return to the same territory to breed throughout its life. The strong territorial instinct and intolerance of others from the same species (even outside territories) when feeding is central to Blackbird behaviour, and indeed it can especially be observed in gardens in the winter months when multiple Blackbirds appear in almost continual conflict with each other. That said, the conflict can be minimised in larger gardens by ensuring that food is spread out – e.g. sunflower hearts scattered on a lawn or large patio. This gives the Blackbirds what they no doubt see as a ‘safe distance’ and a degree of tolerance between them is then evident.
Blackbird diet and food
Earthworms and a huge variety of insects are staple foods for the Blackbird, along with berries and fruit when they’re in season. Indeed, the ability to switch to very different foods as the seasons change is part of the Blackbird’s success, which is another reason they take so readily to food put out for them in gardens.
A further factor which determines diet during the breeding season is location. Blackbirds that nest in native woodland mainly take caterpillars – both for their own food and what they feed to their young. This contrasts to Blackbirds which nest in more urban areas, including gardens, where the primary food tends to be earthworms.
During the autumn and early winter months when berries can be abundant on trees like Rowan and Hawthorn, Blackbirds will take advantage of this food source. The migrant Blackbirds which come to the UK each Autumn are also likely to be seen in hedgerows rich in Hawthorn, and will feed alongside two other species of migrant thrush – Redwing and Fieldfare.
Apples can also form an important part of the diet of Blackbirds in the autumn and early winter months, which is why it’s good practice to leave fallen apples on the ground from trees in gardens.
What should I feed Blackbirds?
As important as the type of food, is remembering that Blackbirds are largely ground feeders (the only real exception being when feeding on berries and fruit in trees and bushes). They therefore won’t feed on hanging tube feeders – though sometimes they do try. As a result, a ground feeding tray is ideal. Alternatively, you can just scatter food directly on the ground in an open area.
Bird Food
Frequently Asked Questions
Where do Blackbirds go at night?
Blackbirds will seek out a sheltered spot to spend the night which is relatively protected from the elements – so perhaps in a dense hedge or Leylandii tree.
What food do Blackbirds eat?
The diet of the Blackbird is highly varied and largely influenced by season. In the spring when the breeding season is on, much of the food is invertebrates like earthworms, grubs and insects. But come the autumn, Blackbirds typically switch to fruit and berries. In the cold winter months, invertebrates, fruit and berries can be hard for Blackbirds to find, which is why providing them with food in gardens in so important.
Do Blackbirds return to the same nest?
Blackbirds do not usually return to the same nest, but often return to the same area to build a new nest.
How long to Blackbirds live?
The average lifespan of a Blackbird is about three years, though individual birds can live for 10 years or even more. Of course, some Blackbirds may only live for a matter of weeks – e.g. if they are killed by a predator such as a cat.
What colour are female Blackbirds?
Female Blackbirds are brown in colour, and although they also have a yellow bill, this isn’t as bright as that of the male bird.
When do Blackbirds nest?
Blackbirds normally start to nest during March, though this can be slightly later depending on weather. As Blackbirds usually have two or three broods - occasionally even four - then nesting continues well into the summer, with the final chicks fledging late July or even into August.